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Religious involvement is prevalent in prisons, a context where questions of moral redemption are particularly salient. We probed the developmental origins of adults’ perceptions that religion might lead to redemption following transgressions. Six- to eight-year-olds (n = 50 United States residents) and adults (n = 53 United States residents) learned about incarcerated characters who had taken religion classes, art classes, or life classes (about right and wrong) while imprisoned. They then rated their agreement with statements assessing attitudes toward the incarcerated individuals, the effectiveness of each character’s time in prison, and their likelihood of recidivism. Children were more likely than adults to report that classes, in general, would effectively rehabilitate incarcerated individuals. However, participants of all ages reported more positive attitudes toward people who took religion classes and life classes rather than art classes. Further, participants of all ages reported that people who took art classes, versus religion or life classes, would be more likely to continue transgressing. These findings highlight the important role that religious and secular learning plays in perceptions of redemption across development. 

Abstract Ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is the world’s leading environmental health risk factor. Quantification is needed of regional contributions to changes in global PM_2.5exposure. Here we interpret satellite-derived PM_2.5estimates over 1998-2019 and find a reversal of previous growth in global PM_2.5air pollution, which is quantitatively attributed to contributions from 13 regions. Global population-weighted (PW) PM_2.5exposure, related to both pollution levels and population size, increased from 1998 (28.3 μg/m³) to a peak in 2011 (38.9 μg/m³) and decreased steadily afterwards (34.7 μg/m³in 2019). Post-2011 change was related to exposure reduction in China and slowed exposure growth in other regions (especially South Asia, the Middle East and Africa). The post-2011 exposure reduction contributes to stagnation of growth in global PM_2.5-attributable mortality and increasing health benefits per µg/m³marginal reduction in exposure, implying increasing urgency and benefits of PM_2.5mitigation with aging population and cleaner air.